ʻike- TJNE

He kūlana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻili o ka haʻihaʻi, no ka mea, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻike like ʻole e pili ana i ka haʻihaʻi ma ka ʻili haʻi. Ma o ke kālailai ʻana i ka ʻili o ka haʻihaʻi, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ka haʻihaʻi ʻana a me kāna mau mea hoʻoikaika. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka microscopic fracture surface i nā mea kani e like me nā microscopes metallographic, scanning electron microscopes (SEM), transmission electron microscopes (TEM), a me electron probe microanalyzers (EPMA) e aʻo i ke kaʻina microscopic o ka haʻihaʻi, ka mīkini haʻihaʻi, a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano kumu like ʻole.

 

I. Ili Ha'i Ha'iha'i

 

Introduction: (1) ʻO ka ʻili haʻihaʻi maʻamau o ka haʻihaʻi haʻihaʻi ʻo ia ka haʻi haʻihaʻi. (2) Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻili o ka haʻihaʻi i nā mokulele liʻiliʻi me nā ʻanuʻu o ka nui o nā hua aniani (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 1 ma lalo). ʻO ka mokulele ʻokiʻoki ʻo ia ka mokulele aniani māhā, a ua kapa ʻia nā ʻanuʻu i nā ʻanuʻu cleavage, i hana ʻia i ka wā e hoʻolaha ai ka māwae a hui pū me nā dislocations screw, e neʻe ana mai kahi mokulele cleavage i kekahi. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻanuʻu ma o ka ʻoki lua a i ʻole ka haehae ʻana.

 

II. ʻAhaʻi waena

Introduction:

(1) ʻO ia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kīʻaha i loko o kahi mea polycrystalline ma nā palena ʻai. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona microscopic nui loa, ʻo ia ka morphology like me ke kō me nā ʻaoʻao palena o ka palaoa (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mokulele liʻiliʻi) (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 2 ma lalo).

(2) ʻO ka embrittlement Hydrogen, ka ʻinoʻino, ke kolo, ka huhū huhū, a me ke kuʻi ʻana i ka haʻi wela he mau haʻihaʻi intergranular.

 

III. ʻAha ʻAha

Introduction:

(1) ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona microscopic o ka ʻili haʻihaʻi ʻo ia ka nui o nā dimples (e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3 ma lalo). ʻO kēia no ka mea, i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastic o ka mea, ʻike mua ʻia nā māwae a puni nā ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻelua e like me ka hoʻokomo ʻana a me ka precipitates a i ʻole ma nā wahi me nā hemahema, e hana ana i nā microvoids. Ke ulu hou aʻe ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka plastic, ulu kēia mau microvoids, hui pū ʻia, a hopena i ka haki.

(2) Ma ka macroscopically, ductile fracture e loaʻa i ka dimple-type electron metallographic structure. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka haʻihaʻi macroscopic ke hōʻike i nā dimple me ka microscopically. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e hālāwai ai kekahi mea hōʻike i ke kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka mokulele a loaʻa i ka hoʻolaha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa paʻa ʻole, hāʻule ka mea hōʻike holoʻokoʻa ma kahi ʻano maʻalahi. Akā ma nā ʻāpana microscopic ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka ʻili haʻihaʻi, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka shear deformation, ka hopena i ka haʻalulu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa microvoid-type (me ka manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke cleavage i kēia manawa), a ʻo ke ʻano metallographic electron he dimple-type.

 

I.e. ʻIli haki luhi

Introduction:

(1) Hiki ke kahele mau ʻia nā ʻāpana luhi ma ka ʻili haʻi, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma nā alumini alumini, nā ʻāpana titanium, a me nā kila austenitic; a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia, e like me ka ʻike ʻia i nā kila hoʻolālā a me nā kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe (e nānā i ke kiʻi 4 ma lalo).

(2) Hoʻonui mālie ʻia ke kaawale o nā kaha luhi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka māwae a hoʻonui pū me ka piʻi ʻana o ke koʻikoʻi cyclic.

(3) Hoʻokumu kēlā me kēia pōʻai koʻikoʻi i ka māwae luhi, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia kahi pilina pili ma waena o ka spacing striation fatigue a me ka rate propagation crack.

(4) Loaʻa nā ʻōniʻoniʻo maloʻo palupalu a me nā ʻūhā luhi palupalu. He kakaikahi ka luhi a ua ʻike ʻia i loko o kekahi mau mea e like me nā alumini alumini ikaika kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kona hiʻohiʻona, aia ke ala haʻihaʻi ma ke ʻano radial fan, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā striations luhi i nā ʻāpana pōkole a pālahalaha e nā ʻanuʻu radial.

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