Nui nā ʻāpana kumu no ka pana kī. ʻO nā mea maʻamau, ʻo ia ka ikaika o ka puhi ʻana i ka pana (ʻo nā koi no ka puhi ʻana i ka pana a me ka peening o ka pana ʻana i ka mana o ka ʻāpana like, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻana e hōʻike i ka pā ʻana i ka pana a me ka peening ma ke kikokikona), ka uhi ʻana o ka pana pana, ka ʻili o ka ʻili o ka mea hana, a me ka maʻemaʻe o ka ʻili o ka mea hana.

Hōʻike ke kiʻi i ka morphology microstructure maʻamau o ka hao ductile. ʻO nā kikoʻeleʻele ma ke kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka "graphite spherical" o ka hana lamellar; ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele e hōʻike ana i ka "pearlite"; ʻO ka ʻōlinolino a me ke ʻano like ʻole i hana ʻia a puni nā wahi ʻilihune kalapona o ka graphite spherical ma ke kiʻi he "ferrite".

Makemake au e kaʻana like me ʻoukou i ka palapala loea "He ʻike ākea o nā ʻōmole seramika no ka hoʻolei hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana o nā superalloys nickel", ʻo ia paha ka loiloi piha loa o ka noiʻi pūpū seramika i kēia manawa.

ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā metala e pili ana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hopena paʻa, ka hoʻoikaika ʻana a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana. ʻO kēia ka hoʻolauna ʻana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka dispersion.

Hoʻololi ka ʻenehana hana ʻana o nā mea hao magnesium i hana ʻia i ka microstructure o nā mea hao magnesium ma o nā ʻano hana hana plastic e like me ka extrusion, rolling, a me ka forging, e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ana i ko lākou mau waiwai mechanical e like me ka ikaika a me ka ductility. He kūpono kēia ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kūkulu me nā koi hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe, e like me ke chassis kaʻa a me nā pahi mīkini mokulele. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ke ʻano hexagonal close-packed crystal o nā mea hao magnesium, hoʻokahi wale nō ʻōnaehana paheʻe i ka mahana o ka lumi, e hopena ana i ka plasticity haʻahaʻa loa. No laila, hoʻomehana pinepine ʻia nā mea hao magnesium i 200 - 450 ℃ no ka hana wela e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou formability. ʻO ka ʻenehana hana ʻana o nā mea hao magnesium i hana ʻia e pili ana i kēia mau ʻano:

Ma nā kahua o ka hoʻolālā mechanical, ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoili, a me ka automation maʻamau ʻole, 45 kila, 40Cr, a me 42CrMo ʻekolu mau mea hoʻohana maʻamau. ʻOiai ua like paha lākou i ka nānā mua ʻana, ʻokoʻa loa kā lākou mau haku mele, nā waiwai mechanical, nā pane i ka mālama wela, a me nā hiʻohiʻona noi. ʻO ke koho ʻana i nā mea hewa hiki ke alakaʻi i ka pōkole o ke ola lawelawe i ka maikaʻi a me ka hāʻule pololei ʻana i ka pōʻino. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻekolu mai kahi hiʻohiʻona noi ʻenehana a haʻi iā ʻoe pehea e hana ai i ke koho kūpono.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela he ala koʻikoʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana o nā mea metala. ʻO ka mālama anu, ma ke ʻano he hoʻonui a hoʻohui i ka mālama wela, he hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka paʻakikī, ka ikaika tensile a me ke kūpaʻa dimensional o nā mea hana. Hoʻopuka nui kēia ʻatikala i nā loina kumu, ka holo ʻana o ke kaʻina hana, nā mea kūpono a me ka laulā noi o ka mālama anu.

Hana i ka hoʻoluhi ʻana i ke kaumaha ma luna o nā ʻāpana hana kī (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea maʻalahi i ka deformation a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana nui), ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana. Hoʻopau ʻia ke kaumaha ma kahi mahana ma kahi o 550°C a 660°C. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ma mua o ka paʻakikī, me ka manaʻo e hōʻemi i ka ʻāʻī, akā ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi e hoʻohana ma hope o ka hana ʻana o ka mīkini hope. Hana ʻia ka Annealing ma nā ʻāpana maka i hana ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hale me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa, ka palaka anu maikaʻi, a me ka hana machining maikaʻi no nā mea mīkini. kikoʻī:

No ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana hao ductile me ka hana paʻa ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ua hui pū kā mākou hui me ke kulanui e hana i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka copper-manganese alloyed cast ductile iron. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena ma ka puke pai "Foundry" i kēlā makahiki.

Ma muli o ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka thermal conductivity, kiʻekiʻe alloy content, haiki forging temperature range and high processing paʻakikī o 9Cr18Mo stainless steel, he mea maʻalahi loa ke kumu o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana a me ke ʻano māhoe ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka wela forging a lōʻihi loa ka manawa paʻa. He hoʻoilina ikaika loa ka ʻōnaehana māhoe a me ka paʻa, a he paʻakikī ke hoʻopau ʻia ma o ka hoʻōla ʻana a me ke kinai ʻana. No laila, ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua kaʻina hana ma 9Cr18Mo nā ʻāpana ʻāpana kila kila me nā ʻano māhoe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e aʻo ai i ka hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i ka ʻano māhoe hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o 9Cr18Mo mau ʻāpana ʻāpana kila kila ma o nā ʻano hana wela.

ʻO ka PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition, physical vapor deposition) kahi ʻenehana uhi e waiho ai i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ka ʻili o ka substrate ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kumu waiwai (target) i loko o nā ʻāpana kinoea (nā ʻātoma, nā molekala a i ʻole nā ​​​​iona) ma o nā ʻano kino i loko o kahi kaiapuni. ʻO ke kumu nui, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūlana ʻawaʻawa e hōʻemi i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā molekala kinoea ma nā ʻāpana i waiho ʻia, e ʻae i nā ʻāpana e neʻe i kahi laina pololei i ka substrate, a laila e loaʻa ai ka ulu ʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

Nā hemahema hoʻopau maʻamau o ke kila a me nā hana pale